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Basic
Study of Hindu Religion Hindu
Heritage Study Program
-
Level 2
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| Chapter
- II.: An Introduction to Principles
of Hinduism |
Brief
Information about Hinduism
for the Youth & the New Seekers |
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| Lesson
: 09 | Meaning
of Monotheism and other Terms used. |
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1.
Polytheism: This is the belief in multiple Supreme Gods. This is the
level of the lower most form of the Faith as followed by people with least understanding
of the philosophy, those with Tamasika Bhakthi among Hindus. Many illiterate and
primitive tribes and villagers around the world, in Africa and Europe as well
as in India practiced this form of beliefs for a long time. This is similar to
the beliefs of Hellenic faiths [Greek], Druids and Pagans. Many World religions,
even those that profess in One God, in a way profess multiple gods or multiple
focus of worship, one denying the other or one superior to the other. This is
also similar to the followers of Hindu Dharma as practiced according to Agamas
and Temple worship where, they see "God" as in several forms to serve
different purposes as the need may be and believe in different Gods. Here Hindu
Dharma Faith differs in that as we evolve in our thoughts, the different "Gods"
slowly merge in to different aspects of One Supreme.
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Note:
Polytheism is not just having multiple gods. It has more to do with
there being multiple ways to achieve salvation. Thus, Hinduism says that each
person has to create his own spiritual experience. A guru is only a guide, but
ultimately the person takes responsibility for the path chosen. The guru cannot
be expected to know the sum total of the environment of his shishya. What the
guru says may well have to be modified to one's situation. In a way, it is the
multiple expression of Monotheism with variations according to individual Spiritual
aspiration, realization and the needs.
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2.
Henotheism: This is the practice that came as
a natural evolution out of the Polytheism. Here the practice consists of elevating
one Deity as a "Superior" for a particular ritual while keeping other
forms at a lower level and at another ritual or function raising another one as
the main or superior Deity. Many Hindu Vedic ritual practices perform rituals
of the similar type. Ancient European Religions and Egyptian faiths used this
method and also had such practices of worship. | |
3.
Monotheism: The faith of One God, who is Superior
to all His creations and creates, protects and dissolves the entire universe and
all the created beings. Here the "God" is different from the Human Soul.
Visishta-adhvaita and Dvaitha follow this path. Here the Divine Soul - "Paramaatma"
is identified as separate from the Human Soul - "Jivatma". Smartha Sampradhaya
practice has a combination of all the four forms explained here but mostly it
claims itself to be Monotheism. Advaitha beleifs starts as Monotheism but ultimately
matures into Monism. Most Western Faiths which claim to be part of Monotheism,
at least among some followers, who often profess the idea of "My God"
and "Your God" and denying all other Gods, ends up more like Henotheism
and, in a way, a concept of multiple gods, one better than the other. | |
4.
Monism: This
is the ultimate faith of a Yogi who has understood the true Nature of the Supreme
and the true Philosophy of Hindu Dharma. Here the "God" is indifferent
from the Human Soul. Here, the Paramatma and Jivatma appear as the two aspects
of the One and the Same Supreme Truth and are Non-differentiated. They appear
in their intuitive mind as just two aspects of One Supreme, just as all His Avatharas,
Manifestations and Creations and also of all the worlds in the Universe are different
aspects of the same Self in various forms.To a large extent, Advaitha follows
this path, in that, here the Jivatma is a part of the Divine Soul or Paramatma
and is capable of a merger with the Divine ultimately, so it is understood with
full spiritual realization as Monism or Advaitha. | |
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